Wayne May - Book of Mormon Archaeology in North America

Wayne May - Book of Mormon Archaeology in North America
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnWAqV-eqa4

It's still very hard to tell why Joseph Smith did all those strange things. But at least if there is history of the Natives, it's worth taking a look.

Annals of Carnegie Museum Vol. 37 pages 292 + 293
Earliest date of Adena goes back to almost 3000 years ago and overlap the dates for the LATE ARHAIC.

http://www.examiner.com/article/prehistoric-louisville-kentucky
dates are later than Wayne May's.


Chief Shup-She:
10:00 an eleven page report personally given by chief shup-she, recorded by Milton R. Hunter, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, 22 June 1951

Chief Shup-She talked about 4000 years ago, a yellow race came among his ancestors and had scripts similar to the Hebrews? Shup-She also reported other rituals similar to temple ceremonies.

http://scriptures.byu.edu/gettalk.php?ID=744
(The above didn't mention shup-she.)

http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/epigraphy/conversations/topics/13867
Memorial biography of Shup She other wise known as Howard Lyle LaHurreau. 1921-1992

Howard was recognized academically , professionally and spiritually as an outstanding Native American of Potawatomi descent. He was familiar with element of nine languages,
Potawatomi, Mississippian Trade Language, low German, Quebecos French, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin. He read Runes, Celtic and the Chinook Trade Language as well.

http://books.google.com/books?id=IfI6UDKNy8gC&pg=PP5&lpg=PP5&dq=chief+shup-she+potawatomi&source=bl&ots=hdaC5-_QmE&sig=frqc9CZSFYTu8492Byt9f9orfzk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_r3lUq2pE9fYoAStv4CgDA&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=chief%20shup-she%20potawatomi&f=false

Howard La Hurreau, Shup-She-wana, of Ft. Wayne, who is Chief of the Eagel Clan of the Potawatomi nation

http://www.epigraphy.org/volume_22_1.htm
In Memoriam: Chief Shupshewana (1921-1992) (2 pp) Patti Brown 22/1-p 15

A member of the Epigraphic Society who was published in ESOP, Shup She (Howard La Hurreau) was recognized academically, professionally and spiritually as an outstanding Native American of Potawatomi descent. He was familiar with elements of nine languages, Potawatomi, Mississippian Trade Language, Low German, Quebecois French, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. He read Runes, Celtic and the Chinook Trade Language as well. He assisted in writing the legislation that established the Indian Land Claims Commission.

http://nativevoice.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/5003v04n03.pdf
(A picture of chief Shup-She and his article on p 6 with an advertisement at the bottom.)

http://www.abcbookworld.com/view_author.php?id=5491
Chief Shup-She, aka Howard Lyle La Hurreau, of Fort Wayne, Indiana.

http://woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?pid=31143
HOWARD LYLE LA HURREAU

(CHIEF SHUP-SHE),

State Organizer for League of Nations North American Indians.

10:45
pottowatomee sacred cave menorah

Seneca Elder Frank ....

Later it's Fred. Wayne May is the only one who has this source. Testimony was given to Dr. ? and Wayne May himself.

http://books.google.com/books?id=5-QeRDaVvFUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

Anthon Transcript:

http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/anthon.htm

http://www.ciphermysteries.com/2009/06/01/the-anthon-transcript
I recommend that if you want to look at the translation of the Pearl of Great Price, the books of Moses and Abraham look for the works that Hugh Nibley did on this book.

A video on this site may be of interest to you: http://www.bookofmormonevidence.org/video_gallery.php
2nd row from the bottom, the 2nd video from the left (#60 now): Linguistic Correlations to the Book of Mormon. The gentleman in the video comments that some of the “Caractors” bear a remarkable similarity to MicMac (Algonquin) characters and these Native Americans were in the New England area, even in upstate New York. Maybe JS knew of their symbols and copied them. Although, the gentleman states that a non-LDS researcher did identify the MicMac characters as an egyptian heiratic in the 1970s and even called them reformed Egyptian.

http://grimoires.wordpress.com/2009/06/13/grim-writing-the-book-of-mormon-and-reformed-egyptian/  

Algonquin micmac indian book of prayers

Maine. 

http://www.native-languages.org/mikmaq.htm
The Mi'kmaq language, Míkmawísimk, is an Algonquian language spoken by 8000 Indians in the Canadian Maritimes (particularly Nova Scotia) and a few US communities. Mi'kmaq is written alphabetically today, but in the past it was written in pictographs. Though these pictographs were modified by Jesuit missionaries, who used them to teach Christian prayers to Micmac people, they probably predated European contact. Micmac hieroglyphics do not resemble Ancient Egyptian or Mayan hieroglyphs; see here for an explanation of these different writing systems. Mi'kmaq is not linguistically related to Ancient Egyptian or any other semitic languages. The Mi'kmaq language is entirely native to the New World and is related to other major North American Indian languages like Lenape, Ojibwe, and Cree. Although Mi'kmaq is one of the healthier American Indian languages, the number of children learning the language has been in decline since the 1970's

http://198.62.75.1/www1/pater/JPN-micmac.html

(It doesn't mean the Mikmaq language came from the Hebrews.)

14:00
Indian Chief Cornstalk said

prehistoric man of kentucky Louisville kentucky
http://books.google.com/books?id=z6cAk5SiLt4C&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=prehistoric+man+of+kentucky+Louisville+kentucky&source=bl&ots=ko3-TQznS4&sig=Pp5T3Ggvbac9IjhaZi-EybjdsgY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t8vlUvXKGpDyoATa-oKoAw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=prehistoric%20man%20of%20kentucky%20Louisville%20kentucky&f=false
published in 1910?

p4 bottom
Ohio and Kentucky had once been settled by a white people who were familiar with arts of which the Indians knew nothing; that these whites, after a series of bloody contests with the Indians, had been exterminated; that the old burial places were the graves of an unknown people; and that the old forts had not been built by Indians, but had come down from 'a very long ago' people, who were of a white complexion and skilled in the arts.

16:00
Yod Hey Vaw

http://www.snydertalk.com/?page_id=2982
The Hebrew spelling of Yahweh, yod-hey-vav-hey, appears below.

17:00
Michigan tablet
Actual Egyptian hieroglyphs. 

http://michiganrelics.com/
(pictures of tablets)

18:29 Cuneiform tablet Chief Joseph Nez Perce
Bill of sale of a pig

http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/03/24/where-did-chief-joseph-get-his-mesopotamian-tablet-24717
it was a sales receipt for a lamb dating back to 2042 B.C.

“The chief said that the tablet had been passed down in his family for many generations, and that they had inherited it from their white ancestors. Chief Joseph said that white men had come among his ancestors long ago.” Chief Joseph was a man of honor, and there was no reason for him to invent a flowery story about the origins of his gift. Furthermore, Gindling eliminated the possibility of forgery based on the fact that cuneiform had not been deciphered until 1846, and a potential forger would have had to be “familiar not only with the ancient language itself, but with the shape of the tablets created by the ancient scribes”.

The story of Chief Joseph’s tablet leaves us with a mystery. How did the ancient Assyrian artifact make it to the Western Hemisphere? 

Chief Joseph’s pendant was not the only Mesopotamian tablet found in North America. NativeVillage.org mentioned another cuneiform tablet that was found in 1963 in Georgia, by Mrs. Joe Hearn. It was written in the Sumerian language and dated to approximately 2040 B.C. According to Weird Georgia by Mark Sceurman and Mark Moran, the tablet discovered by Hearn was a receipt that recorded a purchase of several sheep and goats for a ceremonial sacrifice. 

Gloria Farley, an independent researcher from Oklahoma who was interested in pre-Columbian visitors to North America, wrote about numerous occasions on which ancient coins and other artifacts from the Mediterranean and the Middle East were found in North America. One of such occasions was cited by NativeVillage.org: “In 1980, a small heavy black stone found near Hodgen was brought to her for her opinion. The design resembled a flower with a complicated base”. According to NativeVillage.org, Farley consulted with Dr. Barry Fell, a zoologist at Harvard who was also an expert in ancient inscriptions, and he concluded that the design resembled the seals from ancient Dilmun in the Persian Gulf. “The inscription, said Dr. Fell, appeared to employ the ideographs used by Dilmunian scribes, especially the ones for ‘Inanna, Goddess of Love and Queen of Heaven.’” 

Comment on the above page:

my travels have found, many indian possessions over the years and returned them[arrowheads,moteroes,pestiles...the grandest including sacred kamaaya rain flute worth many thousands to war cultures.took 25 yrs searching before found out it was kumaaya. i found that there was no interest as the museum people call sacred medicine person rain flute, ''a pipe.'' they had no use for me,my white skin and blue eyes or my mothers story. they pd. no attention to me being a half breed. very sad as my family was broke and we need the ten thousand.have never heard a wrd. from barona museum

19:00

2000 BC Cuneiform tablet found Quaker City Ohio

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CC0QFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migration-diffusion.info%2Fpdfdownload.php%3Fid%3D374%26file%3D1&ei=m9blUtmtLNjboASp9YDgBA&usg=AFQjCNGoxDJXjC0BRupmI7OROIR3TvHl0g&sig2=cIQGY68-2iqwJ2Jyjpf9ow&bvm=bv.59930103,d.cGU

downloaded pdf (5/18/2013) page 40 concluded positively Sumarians were here 2000 BC?

(So even if these evidences show that white men were here, still JS could have heard these stories and made up the BoM.)

20:50

Star of David on back of stone.

21:00

ojibwa chief shop-na-gun his fathers killed off white men, took much cattle and land. Mr. Soper showed him a ceremonial (artifact) taken from a mound below Grayling,

james savage prehistoric discoveries in michigan, Detroit, Michigan 1911

http://archive.org/stream/recordsofamerica22ameruoft/recordsofamerica22ameruoft_djvu.txt

A similar tradition obtained among the Chippewa In-dians. Chief " Shop-na-gun," an aged Indian who resides at Grayling, Michigan, tells with apparent pride how his fathers " killed off white man way back took much cattle and lands." Mr. Soper showed him a ceremonial taken from a mound below Grayling, and asked: ''Did the Indian make that? " He answered indignantly, " No,
Indian no make; white man make long ago, way back!" He asked, "Where you get?" We told him we dug it up. He looked at me indignantly, and coming forward, his hand extended and index ringer pointing, called my attention to a large Bible on his desk, saying, " See book ; book says no dig 'em up; let them rest."  

The first war tablet we found, describing a battle be-tween these Prehistoric People and the Indians, was on August 9, 1909, in one of a group of eleven mounds that we discovered on a high tableland at the juncture of the Au Sable River and a stream emptying into the Au Sable from the south, thirteen miles below Grayling, Michigan.

The next war tablet was found some two weeks later by Mr. Soper and a party of explorers in Wayne County near Detroit, two hundred miles from the first find.

Since these first finds of war tablets, we have found five more ; in all seven tablets describing battles and the death of one or other of their chiefs, showing the manner of his death, the moon and quarter of the moon in which he was killed. Judging from the number of war tablets, the labor it must have taken to make them, the accuracy dis-played in description, and the distance apart where found,
one would naturally conclude that these wars were many, protracted, and general. 

Three caskets have been found pierced by roots of trees growing on the mounds over them. We found one with the cover broken in by the root of a tree, and the casket was filled with sand. The root was coiled up in-side the box, but so decayed that it was broken with a touch. Only the decayed stump of the tree and a few rotten roots were left. Professor Wessels, the writer, and the three others were present and took part in the digging. The Professor lifted the casket from its ancient bed with his own hand, exclaiming, " Gentleman, this is no fraud!'

and hundreds of these specimens, if not thousands, that are now broken and thrown away, and therefore lost to the world and to science, would have been preserved and we might have a museum in Michigan worthy of the name

In the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, page xlv, it is shown that after a long investigation the conclusion arrived at was that the Mound Builders were " the historic Indian and his ancestors."

We have opened up more than five hundred of these mounds in the counties in which we have worked, a ter-ritory extending over two hundred and sixty miles. We have diligently inquired regarding the localities of other finds and have so far located sixteen counties of Mich-
igan in which these specimens have been found. We are confident that we are only on the borderland of this great prehistoric people.

In the group of eleven mounds, on the west forty acres, we found six specimens two slate tablets, three copper spear-points and one very handsomely worked ceremonial.

These prehistoric mounds of Michigan contain caskets, lamps, bowls, pipes, tablets, etc., of clay: battle axes, knives, spear, dagger and arrow points, domestic utensils, knives, saws, chisels, spades, etc., and a variety of ornamental wearing apparel all of chilled copper; stone tablets, medallions, medals, skinning knives, various implements and of strange designs, the object of which we
cannot imagine. One remarkable feature of these mounds is that they contain no flint implements of any kind, nor have I seen any stone or copper beads

(It's crazy. Read the beginning and end later.)

https://byustudies.byu.edu/PDFLibrary/40.3Ashurst-McGeeMormonisms-86c2d3a4-e1d7-43d4-9320-eb69917a2745.pdf

24:00 

Indian used signs

1560?

24:14

Ten tribes of Israel 1883 Timothy Jenkins

http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Ten_Tribes_of_Israel.html?id=zelQpyV0MSoC
Chapter 1, p 16.

Indians possessed the 5 books of Moses!

25:34

Atlantic Monthly January 2000

The Diffusionaists have landed

Chinese came here before Clumbus

28:40

Turtle boats, 8, coming from the East, Jaradites.

How did Joseph made up the story of the Jaradites? 

30:00

Hill where blood ran red all day

seneca indian reservation, we had a war long ago with a light skinned people,

1979 by murray j rawson, provo utah

Our history was written on plates and buried in a hill in New York but we don't know where. baptized. his name was Buffalo Tiger. Talk given at MTC 1979

31:17

Shawnee Chief black fish: speaks on cantucke, Place of Blood

33:00

temple hat for Israel

33:30

Cherokee hero

beard, mustaches, half has blue eyes.

34:00

mustarsh

34:00

cyst burials. 

34:49

European

37:00

Hopewell is the ancestor. right on.

http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Reformed_Egyptian

http://utlm.org/newsletters/no95.htm#How%20were%20the%20Plates%20Translated
We highly recommend LaMar Petersen’s new book, The Creation of the Book of Mormon: A Historical Inquiry.

http://www.bookofmormonlands.com/bomlands_007.htm
(this article claims the stone found in 1865, but the following says different. why this article used this stone? they didn't know it was fraud?)

http://www.telliquah.com/Batcreek.htm
an article in the local paper that made a reference to the engraved Bat Creek Stone and Cyrus Gordon’s theory that the was evidence that Hebrews were in Monroe County almost two thousand years ago

The Bat Creek Stone was reported to have been found in February, l889 in an Indian mound near the mouth of Bat Creek.

Since l960, Cyrus Gordon, a Hebrew scholar, and several other researchers have attempted to prove the stone is evidence that Jews were in America almost 2000 years ago.

was employed in l884 by the Smithsonian to dig in Indian mounds in what was a successful attempt to prove that the Mound builders were not descendants of the lost Tribe of Israel.  That theory was the prevailing belief in the Nineteenth Century.  Old myths die hard.  There are many, including Mormons, who still cling to it.  Some of these believers use the Bat Creek Stone to support their belief.

By l890, Thomas proved that the Mound-builders were Native Americans and not the Lost Tribe of Israel.

Not one single piece of concrete evidence has excluded Blackman as the perpetrator of the Bat Creek Stone; and virtually every avenue I have pursued has added evidence that Blackman engraved the stone. He had the knowledge, skill, opportunity and extremely strong motive.  by a letter written by his own hand, has proven himself to have been on the spot when the deed was done.  He was intimately familiar with the U.S. Department of the Interior, of which the Smithsonian was a part.  The circumstantial evidence pointing to Blackman is overwhelming.

The efforts of J. Justin McCulloch as published in a l988 article in the Tennessee Anthropologist, “The Bat Creek Inscription:  Cherokee or Hebrew?”  includes a large number of pieces of this puzzle.  But McCulloch has not put all of them together in the right place. McCulloch is correct that the inscription is composed of ancient ”Hebrew” letters.  But Chapman and Faulkner are correct in that the inscription is a skillful forgery done in the l9th Century!

When Emmert showed up in Luther Blackman’s back yard, Blackman was determined to get the old Confederate Democrat fired again, this time young local teenage boys that Emmert had hired to do the actual digging, as he was himself disabled.  They gave it to Emmert, who claimed to have found it himself.  One of those teenage boys was Jim Lawson, son of Blackman’s neighbor.  I suspect that Blackman’s own son, who was a blacksmith, also assisted in the l889 dig in the Bat Creek Mounds.

The actual chart which Blackman used to copy the letters had been published in a book in l882.  According to the chart which Blackman used to carve the stone, the translation would have read, reading from right to left as Hebrew was, “QM, LIES.” QM referred to Blackman’s position as Quartermaster of the Fourth Tennessee Union Cavalry in the Civil War.

Blacken, by getting Emmett fired for sending in a “fraudulent” stone

Syrups Thomas, who knew that stone was a fraud, simply “stonewalled by putting it in a drawer at the Smithsonian and never mentioning it again.  If Thomas had made an issue of it, that could have gotten him fired.  And so the stone lay undisturbed in the Smithsonian until about l960, when Hebrew scholars have attempted to prove it a genuine 2000 year old artifact.



http://bci.org/prophecy-fulfilled/
Native American prophecies foretell the coming of a bearded white man from the east who will bring teachings which will restore the hoop of unity.

http://www.texfiles.com/features/prophecies.htm
The Hopi expect, someday, the return of Pahana, the lost white brother, just as the Maya await the return of Kukulcan, the bearded white god, and as the Aztec predict the return of the white hero-god Quetzalcoatl.

(Some random thoughts: Would Jesus only visit Jerusalem when he was resurrected? Of course he could visit anywhere if he was resurrected. There were people in many parts of the world those days. Why didn't Jesus visit China?)

http://www.lds-mormon.com/christ_i.shtml
The tradition of a White God in ancient America was preserved through generations of Indians from Chile to Alaska, and has been significantly persistent likewise among the Polynesians from Hawaii to New Zealand.

In their main details all such traditions agree. They differ in name and minor details from island to island and from country to country, but the overall outline remains the same—there was a Great White God. He came among their forefathers, ministered for a while, and then left again. Some say he ascended to heaven.

So convincing is the information now available concerning the White God as he appears in the legends of the Aztecs that Paul Herrmann was induced to say in his book Conquest by Man:

“Carefully considered this leaves no conclusion open than that the Light God Quetzalcoatl was a real person, that he was neither an invention of Spanish propaganda nor a legendary figment of Indian imagination" (p. 172).

This being, known as Quetzalcoatl in parts of Mexico, primarily in the Cholula area, was known as Votan in Chiapas and Wixepechocha in Oaxaca, as Gucumatz in Guatemala, as Viracocha and Hyustus in Peru, as Sume in Brazil, and as Bochica in Colombia.

To the Peruvians he was also known as Con-tici or Illa-Tici, Tici meaning both Creator and the Light. To the Mayans he was principally known as Kukulcan.

In the Polynesian islands he was Lono, Kana, Kane, or Kon, and sometimes Kanaloa—the Great Light or Great Brightness. He also was known as Kane-Akea, the Great Progenitor, or Tonga-roa, the god of the ocean sun.

(It seems that many people knew Jesus.)

He was frequently described as a tall white man, bearded and with blue eyes. He wore loose, flowing robes. He came from the heavens and went back to the heavens.

He healed the sick, gave sight to the blind, cured the lame, and raised some of the dead. He taught a better life, telling the people to do unto others as they would be done by, to love their neighbors as themselves, and to always show kindness and charity.

He seemed to be a person of great authority and unmeasured kindness He had power to make hills into plains and plains into high mountains. He could bring fountains of water from the solid rock.

In addition to giving them rules on how to live peacefully together, he urged them to greater learning, and also taught them improved methods of agriculture.

One of the remarkable things about his coming was that he appeared after a period of darkness in all the land, during which the people had prayed for a return of the sun. While the darkness yet prevailed, “they suffered great hardship . . . and . . . made great prayers and vows to those they held to be their gods, imploring of them the light that had failed." After the light had returned, then came a "white man, of large stature, whose air and person aroused great respect and veneration. . . . And when they saw his power, they called him the Maker of all things, their Beginning, Father of the sun." (See Pedro de Cieza de Leon, The Incas, trans. by Harriet de Onis, pp. 27-28.)

This personage, as he taught his religion, also urged the people to build great temples for worship. As he left them, he promised his second coming, which caused the natives to look for his return even as the Jews look for their promised Messiah. (See Pierre Honore, In Quest of the White God, pp. 16-17.)

http://israelect.com/reference/WesleyASwift/extra/WHITEGOD.htm
'Columbus reported November 6, 1492 that after a march of twelve miles his messengers found a village with perhaps 1000 inhabitants. The natives (called Indians by Columbus) received them with great ceremony, lodged them in the most beautiful of houses, carried them around in their arms, kissed their feet, and in short tried to make clear to them in every possible way that it was known the White men came from the Gods. About 50 men and women asked my messengers to be allowed to travel back with them to the heaven of the Eternal Gods.'

'They could do practically anything, for nothing seemed to difficult for them, they cut the green stone, they melted gold, and all this came from Quetzalcoatl....arts and knowledge.'

And without a doubt there was a great White civilization in South America a long time before the Birth of Christ. And more White migrations occurred over the years and the civilization moved to the north from its original source into the land of the Maya, and the Aztec as this book will show.

We know from ancient Indian legends that at some point shrouded in the mists of time, White men landed on the shores of the New World, long before Columbus. Every Indian society of which we have any knowledge records this arrival and refers to a White God who brought them their system of science, and engineering, gave them their legal codes, and helped them achieve a high level of civilization. But who was this HIGH GOD? And how did he and his relatives cross a vast unknown Ocean to arrive in a New World? From these ancient legends we learn that these White Gods arrived in huge foreign ships with Swan wings, hulls gleaming so brightly that they looked like giant serpents gliding over the water. When they reached the shore, strange men emerged from the ships, fair skinned and blue eyed, wearing gowns of a course black material with a circular opening at the neck and short wide sleeves.

The legend of a particular white God has also survived to our day from all the ancient civilizations of Central and South America. The Toltecs and Aztec of Mexico called him Quetzalcoatl, the Incas called him Viracoha, to the Maya he was Kukulcan who brought their laws, also their script, and was worshiped like a god by the people. To the Chibchas he was Bochia, the White Mantle of Light. To those of Peru he was Hyustus, and to this day they will tell you that he was fair, and had blue eyes.

According to two of the chroniclers White Men with beards turned up on the shores of Lake Titicaca, built a great city, and taught the inhabitants a more civilized way of life. The Indians said that the White Gods built this city 2000 years before the time of the Incas.

Since the White God had come to the Indians long ago wearing a black beret, and a black gown, then as Cortes arrived he wore both these and landed almost in the same spot where it was said the White God had bid his people farewell, promising to come back, but with Cortes came white men who were mercenaries and adventurers who were not interested in this civilization. They wanted gold and treasures, but the language survived and the Indians still speak the Maya language, the Aztec, and other original languages, and they did not understand the Spanish lust for gold.

And as of old the Indians salute to a stranger whom they trust is Viracocha...meaning White God. If you enter an Indian hut in the Yucatan jungle; join the elders around their fires on the icy Bolivian plateau; talk to the Indians in the jungle on the banks of the Amazon; wherever you go you hear this legend of the White men with beards who came in the dim past and became Gods of the New World.

For one thing they heard from the Indians this legend of the White God and more than that some Spaniards met White men, and spoke to them. These were entirely different men from the Indians, looking almost like their fellow countrymen in Spain, or even like North Europeans.

Columbus mentions that he was greeted as a god, a 'Son of Heaven', by primitive Indians of what is now San Salvador, and that he had often seen Indians who were nearly white as the Spaniards.

The Incas of Peru were also found to have a ruling class with a strong 'European influence'. Most of the Great Lords and Ladies looked White as the Spaniards. Pedro Pizarro wrote them saying he met an Indian woman with her child, both were fair skinned, and were hardly distinguishable from fair White women. Their fellow countrymen called them..'Children of the Gods'.

The ruling Incas were one large family which supplied all the country's governors, generals, and the dignitaries and reigned over an immense territory inhabited by native Indians. These Aristocrats shunned all intermarriage with the Indians. They were White with fair hair, spoke a language of their own, and were better educated than their subjects. There were 500 members of this Royal family when the Spaniards arrived.

Later travelers accounts refer often to White Men among Indians of the Amazon. The older chroniclers say that the 8th., ruler of the Inca dynasty, Virococha, was white bearded and his wife was as white as an egg. Another of the chroniclers..Garcilaso de la Vega..a son of an Inca had an impressive description of how as a boy he was taken to see something he was to remember all his life. The boy was led into a room and shown several mummies lining a wall, and was told that these were of former Inca Emperors, and this boy was looking at his Ancestors. But one of these mummies had hair as white as snow in contrast to the others. He was told this was the mummy of the White Inca..eighth ruler of the Sun. Since this White Indian was supposed to have died fairly young this whiteness of hair was not of old age, so it must have been that his hair was not black to begin with.

the Spaniards found these symbols in the New World as well. Clearly the Indians had been familiar with these symbols, and with White men long before the Spaniards came. The Indians knew the headdress of feathers as the White God's crown. For instance...Montezuma's greatest treasure was this headdress and at one time he sent it to the Spanish Camp, with a mask of the White God to show Cortes that he was giving the crown to the rightful owner. When boys of today use the headdress in a Red Indian get‑up they do not realize that it is something European in origin, something found dating back to the civilization of ancient Crete at least. Of course the Spaniards did not know of the ancient background, and they thought this peculiar to the Indians.

On their heads the Inca Priests wore something like a tiara decorated with a golden sun. The Incas recognized the Spanish Bishops with their miters as the High Priests of the new religion.

At this meeting Montezuma spoke about his people saying that a great White man had led them to this land in the dim past, and had given them their laws. One day he had left them going in the direction the Spanish White men had come from. This great White leader had promised the people that eventually he would return to them. Montezuma said that he and his people had believed the Spaniards..these white men who had now come must be the White Gods returned. Thus the Spaniards heard from the Emperors mouth the legend of 'The White God' which they had already been told so often in this new land.

The Spaniards saw many pyramids and the one at Cholula was the largest found in the World. It is only 1/2 the height of the great Pyramid at Giza but is almost twice as long, for its sides measured 1,200 feet. Legend says that tens of thousands worked on this one building in honor of the White God. The Pyramid formed has four huge steps, an outside staircase of 120 steps which lead up to a platform. This was the site of the temple which housed the White God's statue.

As the Spaniards entered one of the temples they were to see what the Indians now worshiped..they saw the war god of the Aztec.

There was still a smaller temple in the city, one was consecrated to Quetzalcoatl, it was circular in form with an entrance in imitation of a dragons mouth but even here now Pagan Priests sacrificed humans.

There had of course been earlier Spanish expeditions to the New World long before Cortes, and some of the Spaniards had been taken prisoners and kept for years on offshore Islands where they picked up the language of the Mayans. And it was from those people that Cortes and his men using them as interpreters could talk to the Indians, and in conversation with educated Indians one of them recounted a legend which we still find today. He recounted a legend strikingly similar to the Old Testament story, even including how Noah sent out the Dove. And one of the strange stories told to the Spaniards was abut an ancient kingdom which started to build an immense tower, so high its spire would reach the sky, but the gods came and destroyed this kingdom, and not a trace remains.

Even the custom of baptism was found among the Indians. A child was sprinkled with water and given a name. The Aztec and Incas used Incense, and the Spaniards saw the Aztec Priests...'forgive sins'. They ate bread in a very devout manner, thereby pleasing the gods such was the manner of the Indians explained...as to the ceremony. In the time of the first Spaniards a form of 'confession' was going on in some Indian temples, and they watched Priests blessing a marriage, saw the sacred Crosses in the temples, heard of the White God of the Indians said to be born of a Virgin by immaculate conception. All this they witnessed...where in other temples human sacrifice was being practiced by Pagan Priests.

The White God of the Olmecs shown by statue is quite an un‑Indian type with a heavy growth of beard.

Yes, ancient step pyramids have been found, event the warrior temple of Chichan Itza. This temple had its colonnades, and the 1000 pillars, and is reminiscent of ancient Egypt, and today we have the pictures of these ancient temples, and statues.

Today we have a history of the Inca who ruled at one time, ruled over a vast Empire in the Andes. Later this kingdom would also decay and disappear but thru out this history the legends run of this so called 'myth'... of THE WHITE GOD with many different versions presented. Some of the stories represent the 'White God' as the one who brought to the Indians their script, their calendar, as well as cotton, and taught them how to weave, taught them to cut and to manufacture the green stone. These highly practical contributions to society do not seem like the figments of a story teller with a vivid imagination. They suggest, a real basis for the 'White God' in historical fact.

Then in the 19th., century more followed, and the evidence was slowly coming to light that suggested parallels between the Indian and the old world. The pyramids it was said pointed to Egypt, and the Aztec myth of the White God must refer to Messiah. Some claimed the Indians were the 'Lost tribes of Israel'. Others said that the Apostles, perhaps St. Thomas must have reached America, or that these people came from Atlantis the submerged continent between Africa and the West Indies, or from another submerged continent..MU..from the Pacific.

Lord Edward Kingsborough wrote 9 huge volumes attempting to prove that the Indians were one of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, but scholars rejected this.

In 1790 drainage workers in Mexico city were digging in a hole, and at three feet they struck a stone, it was finally extracted by hawsers and pulley, and they found that it was a tremendous statue 9 foot tall, and after washing with water they found a gruesome, barbaric figure of a goddess with snakes around her. They knew this goddess and her snakes had once stood in Tenochtitlan. Thus Mexico city had been built over the ruins of the old Aztec capital. Then under the city they found the great Pyramid of Tenochititlan 100 feet high with a base of 330 by 260 feet. And gradually outside of Mexico city evacuations were bringing to light buildings not so touched by war and destruction. In 1944 'finds' produced an entirely new picture of the ancient civilization no longer to be considered barbaric. These evacuations produced evidence also of a people ...OLDER...than the Aztec of the time of Cortes.

In Peru in 1911 many discoveries were made, for here in the Urubamba valley they discovered...'The City of Faith'..which the Spaniards had hunted. Here were stones piled on stones with the joints hardly visible and one of the high walls had three well marked windows. Three thousand steps led up to the huge block building on the Summit with walls around to form terraces. There on the top platform overlooking the precipice stood a stone which Measured the sun, the house of the altar with the sun dial, an obelisk carved from the rock pointing to heaven like a great stone‑finger. Aqueducts led from one terrace to another, and there were three story buildings among the humble people of the plain dwelling there. Next to the town of ruins rock cliffs rose steeply with a sheer drop on their side into the surrounding gorge. The 'City of Faith' which Bingham found in the Andes mountains was more fantastic than any legend. This new 'find' also testified to the mysterious White God.

Today modern Archaeology has found Mayan temples, in fact eighteen of them as well as 20 other buildings and vast rooms let into the earth with stone altars and temples.

In the middle of the last century a young man Etinne Brasseur de Bonebourg became a priest and teacher in an Indian village in Guatemala. He then went back to Madrid and in a library one day he took out a book. He found many loose leaves in the book and they interested him. He returned the book but not the loose leaves, and they turned out to be a copy of Bishop de Landa's manuscript and were the KEY to the Mayan script, and thus another find of the past was made.

From 1881 to 1894 Alfred Mandslay explored in Yucatan, in these old ruins, and the British museum now houses the famous Mandslay collection, Archaeological finds and documents from Yucatan. He wrote four volumes with explanatory notes under the title..'Biologia Centralii American'. As the scholars studied this material they found that every ornament, relief or sculpture, every freeze on the temples was covered with symbols, distributed at random all over each surface. Then someone found the de Bonebourg's works, and Bishop de Landas' drawings; the Mayan symbols for the months and day. And they found that the symbols talked with those on all the sculptures in the temple, and the designs of the ornaments. The mystery was solved, it emerged that every ornament and fresco bore a date, and so did every building. Not only the buildings but every staircase, and parapet, number of steps, height, direction, all these indicated a mathematical concept, a date. The temple of the White God Kukulcan at Chichen Itza for instance was built with 9 steps which together reached a height of 80 feet. And its four stairways add up to 365 stairs altogether. The temple was thus a symbolic representation of the nine heavens and the number of days of the year so said the scholars. When an ornament was repeated ten times running or more, when a flight of steps counted 75, when a pyramid reached a certain height, it was no accident, it was a mathematical statement. The whole of Mayan art was mathematics, literally petrified and turned to stone. The science of their Priests was entirely in the service of the calendar. Research into the Mayan calendar is a highly complicated system which counted a ceremonial year one of 260 days, and a solar year one of 365 days like ours. The latter was made up of 18 months each of 20 days with another 5 days or more called a..bank holiday. The least common multiple of 365 and 260 produced a sacred period of 52 years. This was taken over by other Central American people and became the keystone of Aztec chronology.

The Aztec Priests were expert astronomers.

Comparing the Mayan calendar with others, scholars found that surely the reckoning of time must have come from the far east for it had its exact counterpart in China, Siam and Java.

Scholars also found that the quality of art and architecture did not improve with the centuries. It was the original civilization from which came the knowledge. The last of Mayan works is dated 909 A.D., and within a few decades all the cities, temples were suddenly deserted. The people seemed to have migrated leaving their temples and all the features of a highly developed civilization. This was found to be a custom, and the Toltecs were one of the last civilization of the area as they conquered the Empire of the Maya.

At Uxmal the buildings were concentrated in a small area and are still impressive as ruins today. The largest Pyramid there is the so called... House of the Magician...which chroniclers say was erected in honor of the WHITE GOD.

At Uxmal the buildings were concentrated in a small area and are still impressive as ruins today. The largest Pyramid there is the so called... House of the Magician...which chroniclers say was erected in honor of the WHITE GOD.

After the Spaniards came in 1520 they heard the legend of the great ancient city where the White God was king. The legend was that the White God left Tula with part of his people, and went to the southern coast of the Gulf, and came to Yucatan wearing the feathered crown, the adornment of the people of the coast. In Yucatan he founded a new kingdom with his capital at Chichen Itza.

Here as in all civilizations instruments have been found which testify to a high degree of astrological knowledge. Here also in this city the pyramid was found to contain a smaller one inside far older than the outside pyramid.

Mr. E.H. Thompson was appointed American consul for YUCATAN. He then spent much time among the Indians. In 1896 he found a small pyramid at Chichen Itza to the north of the great terrace, and on unearthing the platform where the shrine used to be he came across a pit, where the floor must have opened up. He started digging in this place. The pit was full of stone, earth, and bones. The pit went deeper and deeper, and further down the pit widened into a sizable cave which housed a tomb.

The later pyramids all seem to show the practice of Human Sacrifice after the disappearance of the White Gods.

In the great city of Tula it was found that a White man had been king of the Toltecs and that he resided in that city. Then he left Tula and conquered the Empire of the Mayan so the legend goes, and made Chichen Itza his capital. He made a great journey for those two cities are 770 miles apart as the crow flies. He came from the area of Chakanputan, south of Kampuchea and sailed across the Gulf of Tabasco to the coast of Yucatan. He was an architect and an artist. He was a shrewd politician, a governor, and a conqueror. He was a scholar, an astronomer, but also a good business man who organized the trade in cotton and cocoa in his kingdom, the largest kingdom which ever existed in Central America. While he was king he was called Quetzalcoatl and he is beyond doubt a historical personality. His name was also current with other people. And was given to pioneers of civilization right up to the time of the Aztecs.

We have known from old records that men of the old world were excellent sailors, and had big seaworthy ships. Walter Krickenberg was to point out that ships with crews of 200 or more men, larger than those of Columbus 1000 years later were very well known in earlier times. Even travelers from east Asia probably sailed by way of the Kuril and Aleutian Islands toward the north west coast of America then went south along the coast to Mexico and beyond, for they left their traces. And scholars do agree that the New World was discovered long before Columbus. But the Atlantic would be a much more favorable route for the coming of the White Gods to America.

Then when the Spaniards came to Orinoco, the great river of Venezuela they found it has been so little explored it had only a primitive civilization. But the archaeologists have recently shown a new interest in this area. The spade has reached deep but there is not a single trace of MAN to be found. Important discoveries were made nevertheless; for instance that America was first settled about 20,000 to 15,000 B.C., and before that it was inhabited by herds of huge animals. It seems the first men to appear were hoards of short headed, beardless mongol types with protruding cheek bones, and straight black hair. They carried stone axes, clubs and primitive hunting gear. They had migrated from Asia by way of the Bering Straits, and moved down into America from north to south. This migration toward the south lasted thousands of years. They left their marks as they slept in caves with the bones of the giant animals they had slain in modern Nevada, Ecuador and Argentina. This migration crossed the narrow strip of Central America and came into South America, and this migration stopped about 3000 B.C.

Immigrants from South Asia, Australia, and Polynesia also reached America and remains of this migration are to be found in Brazil, Ecuador and near the Magellan straits.

The first inhabitants of South America then were altogether primitive. Excavators have found stone weapons, knives and primitive jewelry. Other traces are carved into the big rocks and stones; clumsy representations of birds, snakes, turtles, lizards and beasts of prey, heads and hands, circles, suns and crosses were found of these carvings. They brought what they had known in their former countries and had adopted in the 1000 years of their migrations. There is no sign of a real civilization starting till it suddenly appeared all at once in the Chavin Empire.

The New World had two centers of high civilization, one in Central America and one in Peru. They were thousands of miles distant yet many features of history are very similar. In both areas all higher civilization began in one center; with the Olmecs in Central America and with the Chavin in South America. In the early days of each a might Priest‑city arose; Teotihuacan in Central America, and Tiahuanaco in South America. Both so gigantic that legend said only giants could have built them. Both were destroyed by savage warrior tribes bursting in like a hurricane.

In both areas there were these petty kingdoms, civil wars, temporary conquests and defeats, to be followed by unity under two big Empires which were the Aztec and the Incas. In both the first high civilization came into existence very abruptly. In South America all at once the Chavin civilization started. In Mexico the Olmecs sprang up just as suddenly as they migrated probably from South America. The Olmecs civilized the whole Mexico and the Yucatan in the period of their mass migrations. And these migrations were connected with trade, which carried one people's achievements to its neighbors; and with centuries almost every feature which had developed in South America made its way into Central America. The same artifacts are to be found in three different parts of the world. In the Caucasus, with the Phoenicians in East Asia, and in parts of America. In fact all the features of civilization which were taken over to America actually came from the civilizations of the Caucasus, the Mediterranean, from the Danube countries and South Russia. It is safe to say the original White Gods of the Indians came from Europe, the Mediterranean area and Crete not the far Eastern part of Asia.

A mural at Chichen Itza of the tenth century shows men of two races in battle at sea. The dark skinned race fighting with a light skinned obviously fair‑haired race. The seated old Priest taken to be the White God appears on a Mayan relief. There are a whole series of representations there of the white man with a beard who had the characteristic feature of the Caucasian race.

Archaeological finds have shown that when the Olmecs migrated to Mexico they brought a high civilization and one of them probably became the White God whom the Maya called Kukulcan. And the White God Quetzalcoatl must have been an Olmec. The White God had all the characteristics of the Caucasian for over 1000 years. Clearly the White Gods were immortal or would not have been a God. So when a ruler died he was secretly laid in a magnificent sarcophagus and a pyramid. And the Priest told the people that he had sailed across the sea, but would one day return again, for he had promised, and the people believed it with all their heart.

In the New World there is only one case where we know who is buried in one of these graves. The chronicles relate that Quetzalcoatl the White man with a beard visited his fathers grave. It was underneath a small pyramid which turned into a hill with the centuries. Archaeologist discovered this sacred hill in 1910.

In 3000 B.C., Egyptian ships reached Somoland. In 2400 B.C., they sailed around Africa and discovered a country of gold they called Punt. In 1500 B.C., Queen Hatshepsut the lady Pharaoh equipped an expedition to Puntu, which sailed around Africa.

The chroniclers mention cities, temples, and palaces in the land of the Zapotecs, that they had migrated to that territory in the first century A.D., but they seemed to have perished long before the Spaniards landed in Mexico. The chroniclers found however in this area a small remnant of ancient people, men with richer and more beautiful clothes than the other Indians. These men wore robes reaching to their feet which were covered with embroidery and their headgear was a feathered crown.

The Chroniclers referred also to the Michauage, a people who lived on the banks of Lake Patzcuaro, a lake 6,700 feet above sea level, and which abounded in fish. One of Cortes' officers wrote that these people who the Spaniards called Tarascans were excellent goldsmiths and true artists in producing feather ornaments, and that even in the Spanish times they still supplied the church with Priest vestments made of feathers. They were fine painters, embroiderers and weavers, master stone‑cutters, carpenters, wood carvers, obsidian and metal workers. Some of the strange buildings of these people are still standing near the Mexican town of Paricuti.

This sun Pyramid had the same foundation measurements as the great Pyramid of Giza, but it was only 215 feet high.

Thus our author says:..(quote)..I went every day to the market. Strange Indian canoes came loaded with fish and fruit. I went from boat to boat but no one had heard of such stones and I began to doubt whether Ramos had invented them. One day two Indians arrived in a long sturdy canoe; its bottom full of round wicker baskets. I went to stand by the Indians helping to unload. As the baskets were opened I saw they contained a shoot, pea sized fruit of a brilliant red, which is used in Holland to color cheese; strongly diluted they produce a beautiful yellow color. In such masses as these two were offering are found only in the heart of the jungle. Thus when I asked about Ramos's stones they nodded yes, they had seen such stones. 'Stones of The White God', one of them said. They offered to take me, and it would be fur days rowing up the river, turn off into a big tributary and follow this two days, then it would be simplest to hack out a path so as to shorten our way. We came to terms and a canoe was loaded with everything we would need. And while mist was still over the harbor the next morning they rowed me up river. One of my guides came from the region of the Apurimac, the river which makes a frontier with Bolivia, 3000 miles farther in the jungle. He had once came down the Amazon and then stayed in the Rubber town. The two Indians addressed me as Viracocha, and one night as this one from the Apurimac pushed branches deeper into the fire he began to talk about the Great White God, the Ancient God of his country. He told of how once upon a time a white man with a beard had come to his people, from the east, and told how he had brought them all knowledge, all higher skills. He became the God of the Aymara people, the white, and the bright, the shining God, how he had gone away but that he had promised to return. For six evenings I sat by our camp fire and heard of the great deeds of this Great White God called....Kon Tiki Illac Viracocha. On the seventh day we tied up the canoe in another creek and started on our march. The air was humid, and sultry, the sun blazed down but we could not see it in this green twilight. Mosquitoes got into my mouth, nose and ears, and thorns tore my shirt, arms and face. As we cut our path, yard by yard, thru bushes and bamboo, and day after day we fought on for the Stones I was looking for. Finally we found a narrow path which Ramos has used, and in another two hours we had reached the bank of a broad river bed, and there lay the stones I was seeking, there the lay by the dozens, in the water and most were under the water.

            I forgot the hardships I had been thru. I forgot thirst and hunger, and for hours I stood up to my belly in the mud of the bank and scrutinized the symbols on the stones, line for line, page for page, like a great picture book which lay open in front of me. Quite a number had their whole surface covered with a jumble of lines and patterns but most were sketches of fishes, birds, jaguars. Other stones showed boats, ships, boats with keels not known to the Indians of the Amazon. Among others the head of an ox with horns turned up which was most surprising because there were not cattle in America until the Spaniards came in 1500 plus A.D.   Sometimes there were carvings of birds in flight and landing, there was even a rhinoceros, yet the rhinos never lived in the Amazon region. There were men represented here, the god heads with haloes, sometimes helmets of horns similar to those known from Crete, and from Egyptian Stelae and reliefs. The animals were so life like thus Masters were at work here. There is no other explanation, men from the old world must have once been here on the water way which once led to the White God's kingdom.

In the Quest of the White God
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXy1ekkjQ0c


http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/hopewell.html
In the period between about 200 B.C. and A.D. 400 (sometimes referred to as "Middle Woodland") another major mound-building complex, the Hopewell, emerged. At its height extended over much of the Midwest, from Mississippi to Minnesota, from Nebraska to Virginia, achieving its greatest elaboration in the Ohio Valley where elaborate mounds dot the landscape and spectacular geometric earthworks often enclose hundreds of acres of land. These sites were obviously the foci of important religious, political, and economic activities, although the exact nature of such activities has yet to be clearly discerned.

By 400-500 A.D. Hopewell was waning and their continent-wide exchange of exotic goods was declining, although interaction between communities and regions continued, as did some mound-building (for a few centuries longer) in Wisconsin and adjacent parts of Iowa and Minnesota. Population density remained fairly light, with most settlements small in size and generally dispersed, although in some areas of the Hopewell heartland population levels increased rapidly and people aggregated into large, planned villages.

http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/10887
The head plate shown in this photograph was found on a very low earthen platform near cremated remains during archaeological excavations in the 1920s. The Hopewell inhabited the eastern part of what is now the United States from 100 B.C. to A.D. 500.
200 B.C. to 200 A.D.

(Now that shows some of the anti-Mormons didn't know this or simply lied that there were no metals back then.)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=40
The first Americans came from Asia. When they came and what routes they followed are still uncertain. Current evidence shows that sea levels dropped during glacial periods on earth. The present-day Bering Strait, separating Asia from North America, was dry land during those periods. Thus people and animals could have moved by land from Asia to North America as early as 20,000 years ago.


http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=155
Archaeologists have identified the Paleoindians and other prehistoric cultures on the basis of the tools they made, especially their flint spear points and knives. Each culture made its own types of points. Because of this, archaeologists can tell who lived at a given site by looking at the tools found there.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1203
Paleoindians made spear points and knives in several styles. 

(It was right that the US was populated way before BoM's time.)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=47
By about 8000 B.C., the Ice Age glaciers had drawn back into Canada. The wild rivers of southern Ohio slowly became more calm. Throughout Ohio there was much more food for animals and people than during the Ice Age. Thus, their numbers and ranges no doubt grew. The Archaic (ar-kay-ik) Indians who lived in Ohio between about 8000 and 500 B.C. are set apart from the earlier Paleoindians partly because their spear points were different. However, certain "transitional" types of points suggest a slow shift from one culture to the other. Some types of well-made Archaic points show that the flint-working techniques of the Paleoindians were carried forward. However, later changes by the Archaic Indians marked them as a distinct group.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1218
By about 5000 B.C., Archaic people were making new types of tools to cut and shape wood. the Indians used other types of rock to make axes, chisels, adzes, and gouges.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=284
Hunters chanted and prayed for good fortune before the hunt. When an animal was killed, the hunters prayed for the beast's spirit to forgive them. Otherwise, the angry spirit would cause the hunters to suffer from diseases.


http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1026
(Picture of spear)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=405
(Beautiful shaped stone found in burials)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1092
(stone tools)
People of the Archaic culture in Ohio used limestone to make smoking pipes and sandstone occasionally to make bowls.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=137
In the last 2000 years before the birth of Christ, the number of people living in Ohio during the Archaic period increased. Camp sites of that time were larger, and there were more of them.  What is most notable about Late Archaic cultures is an increased interest in trade, ceremony, and social status, all of which are shown in their burial practices.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=138
Sadly, few of these sites have been studied by archaeologists; most have been disturbed or destroyed by erosion or quarrying. Thus, much valuable information has been lost forever.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=141
Some Late Archaic cemeteries contained many burials. For instance, 380 Glacial Kame burials were removed from the Ridgeway site in Hardin County, Ohio, as it was quarried in 1856. University of Toledo archaeologists found 18 burial pits at the Williams site in an eroded area along the Maumee River. These pits held the remains of at least 500 people. Many of the bodies had been cremated. dates from the Williams site extend from 850 to 380 B.C., nearly 500 years.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=165
The Late Archaic cultures of Ohio "imported" copper from the western Lake Superior region 

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=183
Copper was the only metal extensively used by the prehistoric peoples of eastern North America.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=203
In the areas close to the source of the metal, copper was made into knives, chisels, and axes, as well as pins and fish hooks that the Old Copper people used in everyday tasks.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=902
in the centuries just before the birth of Christ a new culture evolved in eastern North America. Archaeologists refer to this as the Woodland period. More recent research, however, shows that in much of the Ohio Valley, there was not an abrupt change, but rather a slow shift from Archaic to Woodland lifestyles.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1254
(Hopewell is not the real name these people called themselves.)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=221
Based on data from a variety of sites in the Great Lakes region, Archaic people already were growing squash and gourds as early as 6,000 B.C.

(How could they estimate the date?)

Corn was originally domesticated in Mexico as early as 5000 B.C. Over the next millenia, the practice of cultivating corn spread slowly north and east; it did not become a major crop in the Ohio area until about A.D. 750.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=223
Archaeological research leaves little doubt that these sites were built by native American Indians. Research also has shown that the Woodland cultures developed in the Ohio Valley from earlier Archaic groups. The Woodland cultures did not move to this area from Mexico or some other distant place.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=231
Until recently, mounds have been the chief source of information about two Woodland groups, the Adena and Hopewell cultures.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=435
For the most part, the Adena and Hopewell people lived along the major river valleys of central and southern Ohio. Other Early and Middle Woodland groups lived in the northern part of the state at the same time. These people made somewhat different types of objects, and they did not build mounds or earthworks. There were also differences between the Middle Woodland (Hopewell) groups and the Late Woodland cultures. The latter did not build large earthworks or trade for exotic goods.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=431
Sometimes these mounds were erected over sites where buildings had been constructed. It appears that the buildings were used for funerals or other rituals, rather than housing. Thus, mounds seem to relate more to ceremony than to everyday life.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=439
Current research suggests that Early and Middle Woodland people moved from site to site as the seasons changed, much like the Archaic groups. Later on, the time spent in one place may have lengthened so the people could tend to their crops. By about A.D. 600, Late Woodland peoples lived in permanent villages. However, they may have traveled to remote camps to collect nuts in the fall or fish in the spring.

A Late Woodland village near Dayton, dating between A.D. 600 and 900, contained at least four circular houses, each about 40 feet wide. The houses were set in a row along the edge of a small stream valley.

Based on their study of historic Indian dwellings, archaeologists believe that the walls and roofs of Woodland houses were made of wooden posts or poles covered with bark, woven mats, or both.

(There couldn't be cities like the BoM said.)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=451
At first glance, most Early Woodland pottery appears crude, the product of unskilled craftswomen. This is especially so when compared with the finer pottery made late in the Early Woodland period.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1316
Houses such as this one strongly suggest that while Adena groups might split up during parts of the year, life centered more and more on semi-permanent villages. Unfortunately, no Adena village sites have been thoroughly studied to determine how large they might be, how long they existed, or how close the houses were to each other. Also, it is not known if mounds were always built within Adena communities or away from them.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1269
(Pipes. These people didn't seem to have written language, much behind than other parts of the world. They have religious life too.)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=549
It is clearly the work of a skilled craftsman, yet no other human effigies have been found. In a sense it is symbolic of Ohio's ancient Indian cultures – sophisticated, complex, and difficult to fully comprehend.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=145
Archaeologists in the Midwest have termed the span of years from approximately 100 B.C. to AD 500 as the Middle Woodland. As the name suggests, the societies existing during this time continued many of the cultural practices of the Early Woodland groups. They lived in small communities and supplemented game and wild plant foods with cultivated crops which they cooked and stored in ceramic pots. 

The group that archaeologists call Hopewell is probably the best-known Middle Woodland culture in Ohio. Their large-scale geometric earthworks and hill-top enclosures scattered throughout the major river valleys of southern Ohio and their artistic achievements have fascinated researchers and the general public for years.

(Maybe Hopewell is the people talked in BoM)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1048
This map or "plate" is one of many from Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848) by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis that describe Hopewell works as they existed during the first half of the 19th century.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1054
The maps were originally drawn in the 1840s. Unfortunately, since that time, many of these enclosures have been destroyed by urban development.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=558
Recent studies suggest that the walls were 50 feet wide at the base and at least 10 feet high.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=560
The three connected mounds were excavated between 1906 and 1908.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=564
copper objects, a large flint spear point, and a flint knife.


http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=590
Some archaeologists believe that the Hopewell people lived year around at their earthwork complexes. Others think that only small groups resided at each site all of the time. The rest of the people lived in villages scattered through the river valleys. They traveled to the earthworks only at certain times of the year.


The shelters in which they lived may have varied from temporary lean-tos to more substantial houses.

(Don't seem like there were cities)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=586
Recent radiocarbon dates suggest the house was in use between A.D. 290 and 370.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=592
The people also placed at least 12 copper breastplates, each wrapped in a woven mat, and a copper celt weighing 28 pounds on a nearby earth platform.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=596
copper earspools, breastplates, and pearls were special symbols of social status among the Hopewell people using the Seip Earthworks complex.

(These copper objects are not weapons. It does not look like they had wars.)

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=602
The post holes found beneath mound 25 suggest that, like the Seip mound, it covered the site of a complex public building used for a variety of events including burials.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1051
For many years, these sites were thought to have been built for defense. However, their large size and the many openings in the walls argue against their being used for military purposes. Fort Ancient includes mounds, crescent-shaped earthworks, stone circles and pavements, and a pair of parallel walls. Similarities between Fort Ancient and other Hopewell earthworks suggest that the site was built for social and ceremonial purposes.


The nearly 3-1/2 miles of earthworks are made of soil and rocks.  There are at least 72 openings in the walls. Many of them provide easy access to the valley below. Within Fort Ancient are 3 "Great Gateways" that are major passages from one part of the enclosure to another. knives made from obsidian, quartz, and Indiana flint.

In 2005, archaeologists using remote sensing technology discovered evidence of a large circular structure nearly 200 feet in diameter. This may be the remnants of a previously unrecorded earthwork or a circular pattern of post holes of a "woodhenge." The archaeologists also found evidence of possible houses, pits and other ancient activities.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=656
large breastplate from Ater mound;

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=660
few if any of the copper axes or celts show signs of wear. Indeed, the 28-pound ax from Seip mound would be difficult to use for chopping wood. Often, axes were wrapped in cloth, perhaps to be displayed on special occasions.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=279
The culture known to archaeologists as the Hopewell may be the most widely discussed but least understood ancient culture in Ohio, if not the entire eastern United States. Over the past 160 years, the Hopewell culture has been described as a non-Indian "super race" of Moundbuilders, as migrants from Mexico, and as a small group of dominant priests. Recent research reveals much variation in Hopewell artifacts and sites. This has caused some archaeologists to view Hopewell as a religious cult that spread among different groups. Finally, there is the idea that Hopewell was a trading system in which exotic raw materials and food supplies were exchanged among growing populations.

it existed in Ohio from about 100 B.C. to A.D. 500. The major Hopewell sites are geometric and hilltop enclosures along with burial mounds. For the most part, these sites are found in the river valleys of central and southern Ohio.

http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=261
Between A.D. 400 and 600, the Hopewell culture seems to have changed a great deal. No longer were complex earthworks built or exotic goods traded. Many causes for these changes have been proposed; some suggest that Hopewell society itself declined or broke down.

(Joseph Smith wouldn't have know all of the above. There is no mention of temples.)

http://solomonspalding.com/SRP/saga2/sagawt0i.htm
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Comments section:

The Shawnee are mentioned at 0:38:14. But the actual evidence is that their ancestors had nothing to do with the Book of Mormon. Even in the 1830s when Oliver Cowdery preached to them, 5,000 year old mortuary methods and burial traditions were still being practiced by the Shawnee.

See this study - Evidence of Ritualized Mortuary Behavior at the Meyer Site: An Inadvertant Discovery in Spencer County, Indiana (3,300 B.C.)
http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/hp-2010-2010ArchJournal.pdf

This burial traditon of the Shawnee was in America both before and after the time of the flood of Noah, so they were not from Noah.
https://si.lds.org/bc/seminary/content/library/student-resources/ot/old-testament-times-at-a-glance-chart_eng.pdf

And they were not from the Jaradites (2,200 B.C.).
https://si.lds.org/bc/seminary/content/library/student-resources/bofm/book-of-mormon-times-at-a-glance-booklet_eng.pdf

The burial traditions prove that the ancestors of the Shawnee were there before the Jaradites, and more than 1,000 years before Abraham.

Dr. Bolnick is mentioned at 0:38:42 but she has publicly denounced the conclusions that Wayne May is trying to promote about her DNA research.
http://www.csicop.org/si/show/civilizations_lost_and_found_fabricating_history_-_part_three_real_messages/
 

Total jaw drop at about 1:22:00. Wow! That alone was worth the 90 min lecture.

much of the evidence presented here was found as much as 70+ years after the death of Joseph Smith.

 

How much archaeological evidence has been excavated from the Hill Cumorah?  Why don't you start your search there?  

This is the same unethical tactic an abuser uses on his victims in making them believe there is something wrong with them for wanting to escape the abuse.

Some Mormons do think for themselves.  Many do not. That said, not doing something you want to do out of guilt, shame, or fear of consequences from the church, is not thinking for ones self. That is indoctrination induced feelings.  Which is wrong.  No person or group has the right to install themselves in that manner, into the minds of other people. 

don't need a set of church doctrines to tell them what they should and shouldn't do.  Many of which, are ridiculous and downright manipulative.

You can't see it from the inside, but your church is about control.  It's easy to see from the outside.  It wants your money, and your obedience.  And it has in place the mechanisms to cause you pain, fear, guilt, and shame if you don't comply.

And yes the church does coerce you to pay tithing, and follow its rules.  Because if you don't, you can't go to your temple and achieve your spiritual orgasms that you so desperately desire.

You're fully invested in something that even the momentary thought of it all being hogwash causes you immediate pain and anger.  In your favor, it's usually rather intelligent people who fall victim to these kinds of things.  So it's no surprise that you're well educated.

There is a very old family rumor that we are part Indian. We have ancestors from the N.E USA  who are the rumored carriers of our Indian ancestry, they all had old Hebrew names.  My recent family finder DNA test shows me as 10.44% with a very ancient origin in near east, but not American Indian types that the DNA lab uses.

I am Iroquois I love your video's keep up the good work..

No self respecting Haudenosaunee would use the term Iroquois, they would mention which of the six nations they belonged to.  Ask any Seneca Clan Mother, they would call the B of M bunk.

I have to let people that I'm Iroquois because they haven't heard of the Seneca nation of Indians.. and for clan mothers go I have lived on the Cattaraugus Reservation all my life and never knew who was my clan mother..

I'm Turtle Clan Kahnawake Kaneeenka and I know mine, and other Clan mothers like the late Maisie Shenandoah of the Oneida people. As for nobody knowing who the Seneca are, that's just bullshit. 

"With all their inspiration and greatness, prophets are yet mortal men with imperfections common to mankind in general. They have their opinions and prejudices and are left to work out their problems without inspiration in many instances. Joseph Smith recorded that he ‘visited with a brother and sister from Michigan, who thought that “a prophet is always a prophet”; but I told them that a prophet was a prophet only when he was acting as such"

""Prophets are men, and when they act by the Spirit of inspiration, what they say is the voice of God; but still they are mortal and they are entitled to and do have private opinions"

A great talk that expounds on this and gives instances in the New Testament where we can see that this is evident is in the link below.

https://www.lds.org/new-era/2007/09/ordinary-men-extraordinary-callings?lang=eng 

Pump them full of lies and deceit and you'll get just that.  Religious fanatics are no longer in possession of their own free will and can no longer discern truth.  

You question ONE thing and see how fast you are branded as falling away.
Its about control nothing more.   

There is a type of people that religions successfully exploit.  And that's the type that will make big life altering decisions based on feelings alone.  Your church puts on flashy emotional presentations with tear jerking music for that very reason.  It has no evidence. It is purposely appealing itself to your emotions only.  I'm sorry to have to be the bearer of bad news, but, you've been hoodwinked